Friday, April 27, 2007

stones clams and seeker

You know...
One of my big pet peeves, when web-surfing, are sites that have music/video that automatically starts playing when you open the page. This is a big hassle when I am opening several pages at once in different tabs, because I am usually listening to my own music, news or podcasts at the time; then multiple streams of music and videos start competing for my poor computer's limited resources.
The biggest offenders are myspace pages and Native-American pages (of course!). Enough with the flutes, already!!!! Set "autoplay" to "false" in your HTML, please!!!!

8-)

That being said... Please, please, please, please play this song!!!!
I guarantee, that it will be worth your time.




The Black Lodge Singers at Canyon Records.

See also powwowcast #13.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"The Seeker"; continues to evolve. See previous posting below, or click here, if it has queued off the index page.
Pics click to enlarge and open in new tabs/windows (as do most Bingorage clickable link text and pics).

The Seeker. Papier-mache sculpture; Broken Vulture Art, Bingorage Studio.The Seeker. Papier-mache sculpture; Broken Vulture Art, Bingorage Studio.

The Seeker. Papier-mache sculpture; Broken Vulture Art, Bingorage Studio.The Seeker. Papier-mache sculpture; Broken Vulture Art, Bingorage Studio.

The Seeker. Papier-mache sculpture; Broken Vulture Art, Bingorage Studio.The Seeker. Papier-mache sculpture; Broken Vulture Art, Bingorage Studio.

The Seeker. Papier-mache sculpture; Broken Vulture Art, Bingorage Studio.The Seeker. Papier-mache sculpture; Broken Vulture Art, Bingorage Studio.

The Seeker. Papier-mache sculpture; Broken Vulture Art, Bingorage Studio.The Seeker. Papier-mache sculpture; Broken Vulture Art, Bingorage Studio.

The Seeker. Papier-mache sculpture; Broken Vulture Art, Bingorage Studio.The Seeker. Papier-mache sculpture; Broken Vulture Art, Bingorage Studio.

Now that's a void.
The Seeker. Papier-mache sculpture; Broken Vulture Art, Bingorage Studio.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Random resources and stuff:

West Coast tribe, Sliammon First Nation is suing the BC government over geoduck ("gooey duck") clam farms licenses being given to non-First Nation enterprises to set up on their territory. Article at Victoria Times Colonist. Why the big kerfuffle? Money, of course. Excerpt from the Wikipedia article:
"The world's first geoduck fishery was created in 1970, but demand for the semi-forgotten clam was low. Today, they sell in Asia for up to US$30/lb (US$65/kg). The Jumbo clam, like abalone, is highly regarded in Chinese cuisine."


----

Another kerfuffle (what a great word) in BC. As reported at Big City Lib, local Native people have been lobbying to have murals removed from the BC legislature building, because they are seen as
"demeaning and degrading and do nothing more than uphold negative stereotypes of First Nations as a conquered and subservient people."
Press release; February 13, 2007.

----

A new statue by a Native sculptor, has been dedicated at Central Michigan University.
"Gete-Achitwa-Asinakwe is the latest achievement of Grand Rapids artist and Saginaw Chippewa Tribal Nation members Jason Quigno... Perched on a square of gravel created from the chips of stone Quigno excavated from the two ton monolith, the sculpture uses several textures and natural colorations in the stone to reveal a woman’s face surrounded by a cloak on one side and her long-flowing hair on the other. The smooth, flowing lines are Quigno's forte."


----

A new monument to honour Native Veterans, a "memorial tipi", will be built at the First Nations University of Canada, Saskatchewan.

----



The following site has some copies of pictograms (fragment above) that appear to have been scanned from older textsources that I would like to see. I'll dig around for an original source.
PICTOGRAPHY AND IDEOGRAPHY OF THE SIOUX AND OJIBWAY TRIBES OF NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------





Thursday, April 26, 2007

Sand Creek, White Otter and water-assault

The site of the Sand Creek Massacre is to be dedicated as a National Historic Site, April 28, by the National Parks Service, US Dept of the Interior.

The Wikipedia article on the Sand Creek Massacre (as of April 26/07) tends to absolve the US government of responsibility, laying blame at the feet of one, Colonel Chivington.
"As to Colonel Chivington, your committee can hardly find fitting terms to describe his conduct. Wearing the uniform of the United States, which should be the emblem of justice and humanity; holding the important position of commander of a military district, and therefore having the honor of the government to that extent in his keeping, he deliberately planned and executed a foul and dastardly massacre which would have disgraced the verist [sic] savage among those who were the victims of his cruelty. Having full knowledge of their friendly character, having himself been instrumental to some extent in placing them in their position of fancied security, he took advantage of their in-apprehension and defenceless [sic] condition to gratify the worst passions that ever cursed the heart of man.

"Whatever influence this may have had upon Colonel Chivington, the truth is that he surprised and murdered, in cold blood, the unsuspecting men, women, and children on Sand creek, who had every reason to believe they were under the protection of the United States authorities, and then returned to Denver and boasted of the brave deed he and the men under his command had performed."


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A few random pics; a little something for new readers.
Yeah, I know... lame.
Click to enlarge:

No bludgeon deer with platypus.
Broken Vulture Art

Smirking duck.
Broken Vulture Art

Polar melting = more Inuit bear snacks.
Broken Vulture Art

The usual suspects.
Broken Vulture Art

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Random resources and stuff:

An online gemology course.
"If you're interested in learning about gemology from a scientific rather than from a commercial or artistic viewpoint, then you are in the right place (not that either art or commerce are unimportant or will be ignored, they just won't be our main focus.)"


Have you ever heard about Hikaru Dorodango? Me neither, but they are exquisitely simple and beautiful objects made just from dirt and water. I am going to try and make some, shortly.

Pic clicks for another gallery.


A poetry professor in Pennsylvania believes that he was suspected of planting an expl0sive dev1ce(recycling paper, by a dumpster), by an ROTC student, because of his dark skin.
"Because of my recycling, the bomb squad came, then the state police. Because of my recycling, buildings were evacuated, classes were canceled, the campus was closed. No. Not because of my recycling. Because of my dark body. No. Not even that. Because of his fear. Because of the way he saw me. Because of the culture of fear, mistrust, hatred and suspicion that is carefully cultivated in the media, by the government, by people who claim to want to keep us "safe."


April 26-28, 2007. Cowichan Aboriginal Film Festival, Cowichan, BC.

"In galleries here and abroad, Indian art is being celebrated, says Gerald McMaster".

National Aboriginal Internship Programlistings for CTV, Canadian broadcaster. Deadlines are May 4; positions available across Canada.

Native Author, Louise Erdrich, has refused an honourary
"degree from the University of North Dakota because it continues to use the "Fighting Sioux" team name and logo -- a contentious and litigious issue in Grand Forks."


Reach The Rez, radio podcast.
"A weekly one hour high energy, hip hop and R&B "mix show"/"talk show" program. The broadcast will update listeners on Reach the Rez Tour progress and events, as well as feature on-air interviews produced at different locations throughout the tour. The Reach the Rez Tour is headlined by well-known actor and rapper Litefoot (Cherokee) who will hold speaking engagements and concerts on reservations across Indian Country in the hopes of bringing a positive message of hope and empowerment to Native communities, especially the youth. Litefoot will also host the Reach The Rez radio program."


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Here's an article about a possible TV series to be filmed at White Otter Castle (NorthEast of Rainy Lake and accessible from the Quetico region).

White Otter Castle is a very large loghouse structure that was built by one man, Jimmy McOuat (or "McQuat"), supposedly for a bride that never arrived. He was found floating in the lake a few years after completing the project and is interred on the property.

The "castle" was featured in an episode ofCreepy Canada.
When I visited the castle, I never felt anything more sinister than isolation.

The lake has many cliffs that host a variety of pictographs ("rock art"), that may be decades, centuries and millenia old.



--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

You may have heard about this story, already. Micheal Daisey, a monologist, performing in Boston was interrupted during a performance by a group of 87 people walking out, en masse. One of the people came on stage and poured Micheal's water all over his notes, which were a handwritten, original outline of his monologue; which, subsequently, is different, for every performance. Certainly, this performance turned out to be unique.

Apparently, the group was offended by strong language and believed that they had been assured of a "clean" show, beforehand. The box office reps claim that the group's rep was told the show contained "adult language and situations".

Anyways, here is the performer's initial posting about the incident, and his follow-up posting about his conversation with the apologetic "water-pourer".


Warning: some *Strong Language*.



Any questions or complaints? Leave me a comment. There are no dumb questions.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------





Monday, April 23, 2007

gotta have heart

Starting another "Heart Mask". First Heart-mask posting.

Heart Mask, Broken Vulture Art, Bingorage Studio

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Random Resources and Stuff:

Interview with Apache/mejicano poet, Margo Tamez, at Blog Critics Magazine.

ArTrainUSA, 2007 schedule.
"Artrain USA is currently showcasing Native Views: Influences of Modern Culture, a contemporary Native American art exhibition. Comprised of 71 artworks by 54 Native American artists, Native Views explores the influence of popular culture and the many commonalties shared by all Americans. Visitors will discover the richness, complexity and breadth of contemporary Native American art while examining varying perspectives on society. Guest curator, Joanna Bigfeather (Western Cherokee and Mescalero Apache) redefines Native art by broadening the limits and confronting the stereotypes that currently define it."


An article in The Guardian newspaper about an art show, in London, England, about the initial contacts between Britain and the New World.
"The Native American images on show are records not simply of English and British imperial power. They are, rather, relics of some of the many setbacks and failures that this empire experienced, especially in its early stages. In regard to these particular paintings, it is not only the natives who will know defeat."


"American Icons Through Indigenous Eyes", April 13 - May 6 at the District of Columbia Arts Center, Wash.DC. Curator: Suzan Shown Harjo.

An article at Space.com explaining possible link between the Solar System's cyclic movements in the galaxy and periodic extinctions on Earth.

There's an interesting entry at Wikipedia for plastic shaman, a dergoatory term that I had not heard before, referring to a fake shaman/"medicine man".
"Many of those who work to expose plastic shamans believe that the abuses perpetuated by spiritual frauds can only exist when there is ignorance about the cultures a fraudulent practitioner claims to represent. Activists working to uphold the rights of traditional cultures work not only to expose the liars and predators that exploit Indigenous traditions, and Indigenous communities, but also to educate seekers about the differences between traditional cultures and what has been described as the New Age, quick-fix, monetary-based, individual approach to spirituality."


Another history of the Cherokee site.

Two girls born to every boy birth, in the shadow of Sarnia's Chemical Valley.
"The people of the Aamjiwnaang First Nation are painfully aware they make up a startling statistic that has raised eyebrows around the world, but the bigger concern for residents are the chemicals they fear are overwhelming their community and killing off their legacy...

Residents live in an area known as chemical valley - Canada's largest cluster of chemical, allied manufacturing and research and development facilities - and co-exist with smoke stacks and nauseating smells that carry with the wind."


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Wichita city has stopped plans for a sculpture, because of religious paranoia.
Article.
"A proposed park sculpture including elements of primitive calendars and Native American artwork has raised eyebrows in Wichita with some complaining it could have religious overtones."

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------




Sunday, April 22, 2007

finnish pancakes, vase-thingies, bead stuff

"The invalid assumption that correlation implies cause is probably among the two or three most serious and common errors of human reasoning." (Stephen Jay Gould)

"It doesn't matter how beautiful your theory is, it doesn't matter how smart you are. If it doesn't agree with experiment, it's wrong." (Richard Feynman)

"I know that most men, including those at ease with problems of the greatest complexity, can seldom accept even the simplest and most obvious truth if it be such as would oblige them to admit the falsity of conclusions which they have delighted in explaining to colleagues, which they have proudly taught to others, and which they have woven, thread by thread, into the fabric of their lives." (Leo Tolstoy)


These and other quotes regarding buggy software code, found at Sysprog.Net
Note: The biographical links are attached to editable Wikipedia articles which are subject to change and/or vandalism.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Northern Ontario historian and entertainer Rodney Brown sings the Finnish Labour Temple Song.

Rodney Brown and Jukka Tolonen's band Cool Train recorded this song for the Hoito Project.

Plus; April 28,11am-4pm, Prosvita Hall, Thunder Bay NWOntario; Rodney Brown and other performers will get a chance to play the Six String Nation guitar.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Papier-mache sculpture, Vase-Thingie. Broken Vulture Art, Bingorage Studio.
Pic from previous vase-thingie posting.

---------------
The following pics in this posting click for larger images.

A previously unfinished papier-mache deer-head relief is cut out and...
Papier-mache sculpture, Vase-Thingie. Broken Vulture Art, Bingorage Studio.Papier-mache sculpture, Vase-Thingie. Broken Vulture Art, Bingorage Studio.

... then added to the vase-thingie, along with a "stem" made from a carpet roll tube (Thanks to REVCO Carpet). Plaster of paris was mixed with sand and poured down the stem to create a stabilising weight and an angle to the vase-thingie. You will notice that the deerhead mask is now more "upright".
Papier-mache sculpture, Vase-Thingie. Broken Vulture Art, Bingorage Studio.Papier-mache sculpture, Vase-Thingie. Broken Vulture Art, Bingorage Studio.

The "flower" is traced upon and then cut out of 1 inch thick corrugated cardboard, then a small mask hotglued-on to create a face for the flower.
Papier-mache sculpture, Vase-Thingie. Broken Vulture Art, Bingorage Studio.Papier-mache sculpture, Vase-Thingie. Broken Vulture Art, Bingorage Studio.

The flower and petals outline are then cut (with a narrow handsaw). The petals are then separated by hand and taped to finish the "overlap" effect.
Papier-mache sculpture, Vase-Thingie. Broken Vulture Art, Bingorage Studio.Papier-mache sculpture, Vase-Thingie. Broken Vulture Art, Bingorage Studio.

I took a quick pic to check the look of the piece, then started to paper the flower head.
Papier-mache sculpture, Vase-Thingie. Broken Vulture Art, Bingorage Studio.Papier-mache sculpture, Vase-Thingie. Broken Vulture Art, Bingorage Studio.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Random resources and stuff:

Video beading lessons at Fire Mountain Gems.

Youtube results for "beading tutorials".

MN Artists.Org opportunities.

Rocky Mountain Bead Bazaar, April 28-29, Denver.

Another, new artist social network; MyArtSpace.Com. No review. I have not signed up yet, but it looks legit.

An online store that sells 'bisqued" ceramic beads, that you can finish, yourself.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Today's thoughts for the "unwar" on terr0r:

An excerpt from The Ethical Spectacle. Please read the whole text.
"...After Salman vanished, a New York newspaper published an article saying that he was under investigation for links to the terrorists who attacked the U.S. on September 11-- diverse irrelevant facts were adduced to support the supposition that Salman was a terrorist, such as the fact that he had studied chemistry, that he was a lab technician at the university. Fliers went up in his neighborhood saying that the FBI wanted to speak with him--fliers that were later said not to have been authorized by any law enforcement agency.

Imagine losing your child and then having to hear that he is under suspicion. This is what Salman's parents suffered. Six months later, Salman's body was found in the wreckage of the World Trade Center. What had happened was exactly what his family had believed: he had seen the disaster and he had gone there to help. He had life-saving skills and he went there to use them and he died..."


An excerpt from an upcoming book by lawyer Clive Stafford, representing Guantan0m0 prisoners; can be found here, at The Guardian paper, online.
" I had visited several times and there was something nagging at me. I could not work out what left me uniquely unsettled about the place. It was not the depressing environment; few prisons are inspirational. It was not the occasional intimidation. Eventually it came to me: I could not remember being lied to so often and so consistently. In Guantánamo, lying was a disease that had reached pandemic proportions."


A discussion about terr0rism, at OpenPolitics.Ca; a "wiki-based" poltical discussion site where users can register and add to the debates. Although the site is registered to a "dot-C-A" domain, political discussion is not limited to Canadian issues.
"The mission of open politics is to support civic engagement and the open exchange of ideas via the internet. This site is designed to make it easier to learn, deliberate and decide complex issues in public policy..."



--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------



Friday, April 20, 2007

goodbye good fences

The Nunavut government had formerly declared that Polar bears were not in decline, but they have backtracked, and are now admitting that bear numbers are in decline.

As the arctic polar icecap continues to melt, questions about Canada's sovereignty in the arctic will grow. What does that mean? Nation states and merchant shippers around the world are looking forward to the day when The Northwest Passage [Walrus Magazine article on Arctic sovereignty] opens up, saving time and money on an east-west trip that avoids the fees and canal of Panama, or the dangerous route around the Antarctic-ward tip of South America. The rub, is that the Northwest Passage is considered by other countries to be an international "strait" [Wikipedia def.] and not an internal Canadian waterway. Already, "mystery submarines" have endangered Inuit hunters on the sea and chased sea mammals into the smaller bays with their sonar blasts. Canada has been treating the Arctic archipelago as a third rate neighbourhood for some time, anyways. Inuit families were forcibly relocated from Northern Quebec to Resolute, in the fifties, in order to serve as human "flagpoles" for a federal government that was (and is) unwilling to spend the money to actually develop the promised infrastructure and assert true Canadian sovereignty in the Arctic. Don't worry Canadians; if we aren't willing to do it, the US will take it over for us and start spilling oil over everything.

John Shiwak, Inuit Canadian soldier killed in WW1.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Mohawk protestors close VIA Rail line, between Toronto and Montreal/Ottawa. What is not being widely reported is that the quarry site (under land claim) which has been a catalyst for the protest, is an illegal dump site, including highway materials; which may explain government of Ontario reluctance to investigate.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Seeker, updated. Smaller pics click to enlarge.

This papier mache dude had his left arm broken off during a ride in the Fort Frances Canadian Bass Championship parade, last summer. "Before" shot:


The left arm has been replaced with a Whitetail Deer antler. A new, small face relief was tested in "heart position", then moved under the torso.
The Seeker; Broken Vulture Art, Bingorage Studio.The Seeker; Broken Vulture Art, Bingorage Studio.

The right hand is made more realistic by adding fingers and conversion of existing finger into a thumb; styrofoam "Adam's apple" added.
The Seeker; Broken Vulture Art, Bingorage Studio.The Seeker; Broken Vulture Art, Bingorage Studio.

Paper "musculature" and "skin" added to the right arm, "adam's apple" and second face.
The Seeker; Broken Vulture Art, Bingorage Studio.The Seeker; Broken Vulture Art, Bingorage Studio.

Paper details added to neck profile, shoulders, ribs and "adam's apple".
The Seeker; Broken Vulture Art, Bingorage Studio.

"After" shot:
The Seeker; Broken Vulture Art, Bingorage Studio.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Random resources and stuff:

I've only taken a quick peek, but there is much info. at Sleeping Crow: Red Tao. Perhaps let me know, if this site (or any of the sites I list) is useful to you.
:Eric

Northwest Coast First Nations Lecture Series at the West Vancouver Museum; April 18, May 9, 23, Jun 13, Jul 4.

You have probably heard the story of Canadian engineer Maher Arar and his illegal kidnapping and "rendition" to torture in Syria, by US authorities acting on Canadian (false) information.
Now, there are calls for Canadian journalists to reveal their sources for the campaign of leaked disinformation unleashed by Canadian officials to cover their asses; by smearing Arar, incognito.

AIROS; Native Radio Network. Streams and podcasts

The City of Calgary is seeking "Expressions of Interest" for public art.
The City of Calgary Public Art Program, in conjunction with the Utilities and Environmental Protection Department, is seeking Expressions of Interest (i.e. Request for Qualifications) from experienced artists with a demonstrated ability to design and produce integrated public art within environmental and/or ecological projects relating to water. Relevant experience working on interdisciplinary design teams and riparian restoration projects, as well as related construction and project management skills will be considered an asset.


"Top 20 Words You Use in Speech or Copywriting That Make You Look Stupid When You Misuse Them." Link

Bad Astronomy is a blog that seeks out junk science in pop-astronomy and explains the 'right stuff'.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------




Sunday, April 15, 2007

iron

Iron White Man ("Sioux Indian from Buffalo Bill's show"); supposedly fought at Little Big Horn. Became a performer in Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show.

Photo Sharing and Video Hosting at Photobucket

Photo Sharing and Video Hosting at Photobucket

Edward S. Curtis collection at The Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Online Catalog

Edward S. Curtis Wikipedia article.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Random resources and stuff:

You may be using the wrong picture formats on your webpage. This guide will explain correct usage for JPEG, PNG and GIF formats.

An article on critical thinking. Some rightwing bias.

Forestry corporation, Abitibi, is turning over an island in Lake of the Woods to a joint Treaty #3 / City of Kenora partnership.

Norwegian police helped U.S. authorities run a sting to break up an antiquities smuggling ring specialising in Native American sacred/historical objects.

The Heard museum has commissioned a replacement Totem Pole for one that was repatriated.

An article about Blackfeet artist Mari King.

Brent Micheal Davids has collaborated on a new concerto.
BMD homepage, and Wikipedia article.

Ojibway artists Andrea Carlson and Jim Denomie open a show at MCAD, Minneapolis College Art Design. Closing May 27, 2007.

Leonard Peltier Buffalo painting for sale.

imagineNATIVE Film + Media Arts Festival
We are currently seeking features, shorts, documentaries, dramas, comedies, animation by international and Canadian Indigenous filmmakers and producers. We invite all genres and lengths and encourage submissions from first-time and emerging directors.

We are also seeking radio programming and new media works made by Indigenous producers and artists. Radio and new media submissions are presented at a Mediatheque centre during the festival.



Running the Numbers: An American Self-Portrait.
" This new series looks at contemporary American culture through the austere lens of statistics. Each image portrays a specific quantity of something: fifteen million sheets of office paper (five minutes of paper use); 106,000 aluminum cans (thirty seconds of can consumption) and so on. My hope is that images representing these quantities might have a different effect than the raw numbers alone, such as we find daily in articles and books."

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------




Friday, April 13, 2007

fake trees and real peeps

I got the idea for these artificial bonsais from a Discovery Channel (Canada) show called How It Is Made. The structure is built up with wire or pipe cleaner and paper towel. The bark is papier mache and the foliage is plastic... or shell... or sumpin else. I have decided to take liberties with the form.

Artificial Bonsai #1, with autumn clamshell foliage, on antler (unfinished):
text

text

text

text

text

text

Artificial Bonsai #2, with fauxvergreen foliage, on amethyst:

text

text

text

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Leslie Marmon Silko:

Wikipedia entry

Famous Native author speaks at OSU

Interview

I came to LMS through a recommendation to read Almanac of the Dead; an epic story. Her great critical success is Ceremony. When I did a search on the novel, I found plenty of critics' reviews. [Sample].

Notes on Ceremony
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Random resources and stuff:

Interview with Tara J. Ryan ; president and owner of Tijer Lily Co, a Native entertainment promotion and management service... Regarding the clueless casting for "Native" roles by mainstream cinema. At NativeVue.org.

A tribe of Indigenous people, The Piraha, were discovered in South America a few decades ago. What makes these people so important to the world of Anthropology is that their language is apparently devoid of many components that we take for granted. Things like the past, future, colours and numbers!!!!
"Well; how could they not have those things?", you say.
One of the little nuggets that I picked up in Anthropology classes is that "lack of cultural components does not indicate "primitiveness" so much as it demonstrates lack of need for such things, in a given environment". Huh?
They do not have TV's because they do not need TV's. Apparently; they have no use for anything higher in number than "one" or "many", either.
Article.

Awesome 3D Italian graffiti.

Start exploring the Haida language.

T-Rex proteins have been isolated from fossilised bones and compared to living critters... and the closest match?...
Chicken.
It's not definitive, but it's another piece of evidence backing the bird-dinosaur connection.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ever felt like an outsider? Like you didn't belong? Alone?
Listen to this.



rollins
Thanks to revmitcz.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------